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산업 뉴스
산업 뉴스
코발트 자원 공급 구도 및 글로벌 레이아웃 연구
게시 : 2019-10-29 조회 : 2560
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Cobalt has important applications in new energy vehicles, aerospace and other fields, and has been listed in the key mineral catalogue by China, Japan, the European Union and the United States. Therefore, cobalt has become the hot spot pursued by mining companies and the target mineral under the key management of relevant departments. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of refined cobalt, accounting for 64% and 51% of the world's total in 2018. However, China's Cobalt resources are very scarce, its reserves only account for about 1% of the world's total, and its external dependence is as high as 80%. With the rapid development of new energy automobile industry, the demand for cobalt in China will continue to grow in the future, and the domestic resource endowment determines that the healthy development of cobalt industry must rely on the stable supply of foreign cobalt resources. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the supply pattern of cobalt resources, this paper analyzes the supply and demand situation of China's Cobalt resources in the future, and makes a quantitative evaluation of the investment environment of the major cobalt resources countries in the world, so as to put forward targeted suggestions for the overseas layout of Chinese enterprises, in order to ensure the stable supply of China's overseas cobalt resources.
I. global cobalt resources and production and trade pattern
1.1 types and distribution of cobalt resources
The content of cobalt in the earth's crust is very low, the wind of the earth's crust is only 25 × 10-6, and 90% of it is dispersed. Therefore, it is difficult to form an independent economic deposit, which mainly exists in weathered laterite nickel mine, magmatic copper sulfide nickel mine and sedimentary sandstone copper mine. In addition to land resources, there are abundant cobalt resources in the ocean, and the content of cobalt in ocean polymetallic nodules and cobalt rich crusts is much higher than that of land cobalt resources. From a global perspective, the ocean polymetallic nodules are most abundant in cobalt resources, accounting for 45% of the world's total, followed by ocean cobalt rich crusts, accounting for 38%, and land cobalt resources, accounting for only 17%, respectively, sedimentary sandstone copper mine, laterite nickel mine, magmatic copper sulfide nickel mine and other land resources (Figure 1). At present, we only use the cobalt resources on land.
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Figure 1 global cobalt resource types and reserves distribution
According to the statistics of USGS, the global cobalt reserves in 2018 are 6.9 million tons, of which Congo (DRC) reserves are 3.4 million tons, accounting for 49% of the total global reserves; Australia reserves are 1.2 million tons, accounting for 17%; the remaining cobalt resources are successively distributed in Cuba, Philippines, Canada, Russia and Madagascar, accounting for 7%, 4%, 4%, and 2% (Figure 1). China's Cobalt reserves are only 80000 tons, and cobalt resources are in short supply.
The cobalt resources in DRC are sedimentary sandstone copper cobalt deposits with large scale and high grade. Laterite nickel deposits are mainly distributed in Australia, Cuba, Philippines and Madagascar, while magmatic copper nickel sulfide deposits are mainly distributed in Canada and Russia. The reserves of cobalt resources in China are small, mainly distributed in 24 provinces (regions and cities) such as Gansu, Sichuan, Qinghai, etc., but the types of deposits are relatively complete. In addition to the above three types of deposits, there are also hydrothermal and volcanogenic cobalt polymetallic deposits.
1.2 overview of cobalt resource supply
In accordance with the distribution of resources, cobalt production is highly concentrated in a few resource countries. In 2018, the global cobalt output reached 140000 tons, of which 90000 tons were produced by Congo (DRC), accounting for 64% of the global total. The rest of the output was distributed in Russia, Cuba, Australia, the Philippines, Canada and other countries in turn, with the specific proportion shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 distribution of global cobalt ore and refined cobalt production in 2018
Although China is short of cobalt resources, it is the world's largest producer of refined cobalt. The refined cobalt series products have reached the world's advanced level. According to the statistics of Antaike, the global refined cobalt production (including cobalt metal and chemical products) in 2018 was about 128000 tons, with a year-on-year growth of about 9.5%. The expansion mainly came from China, and the overseas refined cobalt production was about 47000 tons, with a year-on-year decline of 3.3%. China produces about 81000 tons of refined cobalt products (excluding yihaomeike), accounting for 64% of the world's total. The rest of the production is concentrated in Finland, Canada, Belgium, Japan, Australia, Madagascar and other countries, showing a different pattern from cobalt supply.
1.3 Global trade pattern of cobalt
The international trade market of cobalt primary products is highly concentrated, Congo (DRC) and China are the largest exporters and importers respectively. In 2017, the global import volume of primary cobalt products (including ore, concentrate and smelting intermediate products) was 64200 tons (equivalent to metal volume), of which 53300 tons were imported from China, accounting for 83%; 4400 tons were imported from Zambia, ranking second, accounting for 7%; and 23000 tons were imported from the United States, accounting for only 4%. In 2017, the global export volume of primary cobalt products reached 60000 tons (equivalent to metal volume), of which 54200 tons were exported from Congo (DRC), accounting for 90%; 3% from Canada and 2% from Finland.
China has become the world's largest producer of refined cobalt through a large number of imported primary cobalt products. In addition to meeting domestic demand, the products are also exported to foreign countries in the form of cobalt oxide and cobalt hydroxide. In 2017, the global cobalt oxide and cobalt hydroxide exports reached 21000 tons; China ranks second only to Zambia, accounting for 40% of exports.
II. Consumption status and trend of cobalt resources
In 2018, the global consumption of cobalt is about 126000 tons. The battery industry and high-temperature alloy are the two most important consumption areas of cobalt. In 2018, the consumption of cobalt was 78000 tons and 17600 tons, accounting for 60.9% and 13.7% respectively. Other consumption areas of cobalt include cemented carbide and diamond tools, catalysts, ceramics, hard surface materials, etc. the amount of cobalt used is relatively average, accounting for 6.1%, 4.5%, 4.3% and 3% respectively.
According to the geographical division, the consumption focus of cobalt is mainly in China, North America, the European Union and other regions in Asia. In 2018, China's Cobalt consumption is about 64700 tons, accounting for more than half of the total global consumption. In the future, with the rapid growth of domestic new energy automobile industry, lithium battery will still be the main growth point of cobalt consumption in China, high-temperature alloy and hard
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